Immune-Based Therapies for HIV: Interferons, IL-2, IL-7, and Checkpoint Inhibitors
1. Introduction: The Rationale for Modulating Immunity in HIV Antiretroviral therapy (ART) controls HIV by blocking viral replication, but it…
Therapeutic HIV Vaccines: Post-Infection Immunotherapy and the Path to a Functional Cure
1. Introduction: Prevention Vaccines Versus Post-Infection Vaccines Vaccines against infectious diseases are usually understood as preventive: they are given before…
CCR5Δ32 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: The Berlin, London, and Düsseldorf HIV Cures
1. Introduction: The Exceptional Cases That Redefined HIV Cure Research Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 replication, restores CD4+ T-cell…
Genetically Modified CCR5 Cells: Lessons from the He Jiankui Case
1. Introduction: The Intersection of CRISPR, HIV, and the Human Germline The advent of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology precipitated a…
Shock and Kill vs Block and Lock: Two Strategies to Attack the Viral Reservoir
1. Introduction: The Barrier to an HIV Cure The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV-1 infection from…
CRISPR-Cas9 Against HIV: Excising Viral DNA from the Genome of Infected Cells
1. Introduction: The Unmet Need for an HIV Cure Since the identification of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the…