Amygdalin (Laetrile) and HIV: Absence of Antiretroviral Activity and Documented Cyanide Toxicity
1. Introduction: A Persistent Myth in the Shadow of the AIDS Crisis Among the many unproven substances promoted during the…
Immune-Based Therapies for HIV: Interferons, IL-2, IL-7, and Checkpoint Inhibitors
1. Introduction: The Rationale for Modulating Immunity in HIV Antiretroviral therapy (ART) controls HIV by blocking viral replication, but it…
The Gut Microbiome in HIV: Mucosal Immunity, Microbial Translocation, and Therapeutic Manipulation
1. Introduction: Why the Gut Matters in HIV HIV is often described as a disease of the immune system, but…
Therapeutic HIV Vaccines: Post-Infection Immunotherapy and the Path to a Functional Cure
1. Introduction: Prevention Vaccines Versus Post-Infection Vaccines Vaccines against infectious diseases are usually understood as preventive: they are given before…
Leronlimab (PRO 140): A Monoclonal CCR5 Antagonist in HIV Research
1. Introduction: A Monoclonal Antibody Against CCR5 Leronlimab, also known by its development name PRO 140, is a humanized IgG4…
Maraviroc: The CCR5 Antagonist and the Entry-Inhibitor Class in HIV Therapy
1. Introduction: An Entry Inhibitor That Targets the Host Maraviroc (marketed as Selzentry in the United States and Celsentri in…
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV: Timing, Regimens, and Evidence
1. Introduction: Definition and Rationale Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV is the short-term use of antiretroviral drugs to prevent infection…
Lenacapavir: A First-in-Class Capsid Inhibitor for Six-Monthly HIV Prevention and Treatment
1. Introduction: A New Class of Antiretroviral For four decades, the pharmacological treatment and prevention of HIV-1 has been dominated…
Long-Acting Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention: Injectable Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
1. Introduction: Injectable Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Cabotegravir is an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) that was reformulated as a long-acting injectable…
The Dapivirine Vaginal Ring: Topical Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Women
1. Introduction: A Topical Option for Women’s HIV Prevention HIV prevention has historically relied heavily on tools that are either…